Some Observations on the Fall of Katherine Howard and Anne Boleyn

The respective downfalls of Katherine Howard and Anne Boleyn share several elements in common.  

Prior relationship

Both Katherine and Anne had previous been involved in a relationship that could have prevented their marriage to Henry. In Anne’s case, this was with Henry Algernon Percy, who was at the time the heir to the earldom of Northumberland. The main source for this is George Cavendish, gentlemen usher to Cardinal Wolsey, who describes how a ‘secret love’ grew between Anne and Percy, who were ‘insured together, intending to marry.’ However, before their contract could become binding; that is, before 


they had consummated it, the king, having ‘noticed’ Anne, ordered Wolsey to put an end to the relationship. Because Anne and Percy had not consummated their relationship, this was easily done.

In the case of Katherine Howard and Francis Dereham, there is no doubt that a contract did exist between them, and the strong possibility that Katherine had entered into it without fully understanding what she had done made it no less valid. It came about when she and Dereham became involved sexually. Dereham’s enemies, Henry Mannock and Mr Barnes, were jealous of his relationship with Katherine and, in order to deflect whatever injury they might do to him, Dereham suggested to Katherine that they address each other as husband and wife. Katherine agreed to this and, since their relationship was public knowledge and it was consummated, Katherine became Dereham’s lawful wife.

Courtly love

Another area is that of courtly love. Anne played the game of courtly love with distinction, and her relationships with men such as Henry Norris and Francis Weston should be seen in this light. However, the fine line between innocent flirtation and inclination to adultery was easily crossed, and anyone wishing to do harm to Anne could easily find grounds in these activities.

For Katherine’s part, Jane Lady Rochford had warned her that she must give men leave to look upon her, an innocent enough remark given the expectation of queens and courtiers to engage in courtly love games. Nevertheless, there is no indication that Francis Dereham ever served Katherine in the ritual of courtly love. Instead, it was later judged that his relationship with Katherine upon his coming to court was, from first to last, merely the renewal of their previous connection, and that she had taken him into her service expressly for this purpose. Moreover, Katherine’s employment of Katherine Tylney, who was seen as one of the queen’s ‘partners in crime,’ was interpreted as another means to further this ambition. In the end, Dereham was only able to persuade his interrogators of his innocence by revealing that he had been replaced in Katherine’s affections by Culpeper.

Katherine’s relationship with Thomas Culpeper does not easily fit within the parameters of courtly love. Unlike Anne Boleyn and her supposed ‘suitors’, Katherine had been in a romantic relationship with Culpeper prior to the marriage to Henry, so it was easy to misinterpret her meetings with him as an attempt to rekindle their romance. In addition, while Anne’s exchanges with Norris and Weston appear to have taken place in open court, Katherine’s liaisons with Culpeper had not. Rather, they were carried on in private places and late at night. Although Lady Rochford and Katherine Tylney had also been present, their role was seen by the councillors in charge of Katherine’s case as one of assisting the couple in their trysts.

Faction

It is often claimed for both queens that they were the victims of faction within the court. In Anne’s case, it was a faction led by Cromwell, who had become Anne’s enemy, and who then took the opportunity of her fall to clear the court of those 


men he saw as undesirables. With Katherine, it had been the reformers who, as enemies of the conservative Howards, sought to remove the queen in the hope that she might be replaced by another more sympathetic to their cause. In each case, this view cannot realistically be upheld. Anne Boleyn’s fall was orchestrated by Thomas Cromwell working under the direct orders of the king. As he would later say, he ‘had been authorised and commissioned by the King to prosecute and bring to an end the mistress’s trial, to do which he had taken considerable trouble.’

In Katherine’s case, it was not faction that had brought her down; rather, it was the necessary consequences of her experiences prior to her marriage and which had been misconstrued as wantonness and immorality on her part.

Downfall instigated by a casual remark

The downfall of both Katherine and Anne was initiated by a woman who made an extemporaneous remark to a brother. In Anne’s case, the lady in question was Lady Worcester, who made her revelation during a squabble with her brother, Sir Anthony Browne. He had accused her of immoral living, implying that the baby she was carrying was not her husband’s. Lady Worcester, seeking to moderate her faults, pointed out that her behaviour was as nothing compared to that of Queen Anne. Somehow, the story reached Thomas Cromwell, who immediately realised the implications for the queen. Obliged to investigate, he uncovered Anne’s adultery which he, hesitantly, revealed to the king.

Katherine’s past was exposed by Mary Lascelles. She had declined a suggestion by her brother, John, that she should apply to Queen Katherine for a place in her household. When pressed, Mary told him that Katherine was ‘light both in living and conditions.’ In the ensuing conversation, the whole story of Katherine’s past was brought to light. John Lascelles had little choice but to report what he knew. He spoke to Archbishop Cranmer who, in his turn, informed the king.

Henry was more than willing to believe the accusations against Anne. This was to be expected, since he had authorised the action against her and should not have been too shaken by what direction it might take. In Katherine’s case, he was genuinely taken by surprise. Shocked and grieved at the news of her past life, he thought the accusations against Katherine had been forged until he was persuaded otherwise.

In each case, when the affair took its inevitable turn, Anne Boleyn was allowed to face trial, Katherine was not. Even so, Anne’s was little more than a show trial, the verdict having been decided long beforehand; indeed, she had laughed Sir William Kingston told her that even the poorest of His Majesty’s subjects had justice, for she knew the truth of it. Her supposed accomplices faced the judges before her and, when her turn came, her conviction was inevitable.

Katherine was condemned by an Act of Attainder: the pronouncement of judgement and punishment passed as law in parliament. Although she was eventually given the opportunity to speak for herself prior to her attainder becoming law, it was clear to the queen that her fate had already been decided. It being useless to fight, Katherine gave in, accepting the charges and their terrible consequences.

Condemned by words, not deeds

Both queens were condemned partly on words spoken rather than actual deeds. In Anne’s case, it was words she had exchanged with Henry Norris, to which she had alluded while in the Tower. Some days before, Anne had asked him why he had not yet married Mistress Shelton. He answered simply that ‘he would tarry a time.’ Anne, however, teased him, saying that he looked for ‘dead men’s shoes, for if aught came 


to the King but good, you would look to have me.’ This was construed, under the highly flexible Treason Act of 1534, as imagining the king’s death, an act of treason.

Katherine was condemned not by any words she had spoken, but by those uttered by Thomas Culpeper. He had told his interrogators that ‘he intended and meant to do ill with the queen and that in like wise, the queen so minded to do with him.’ Again, the eminently accommodating 1534 Treason Act was called into service. As the Act saw it, it was but a short step from intending to do ill with each other, to actually doing ill, and in order to facilitate their intent, the next step would be to remove the king.

Altered status

By the time they reached the scaffold, the status of both Katherine and Anne had changed. Katherine had been removed as queen the previous November. However, Henry had never annulled their marriage, so Katherine remained the king’s morganatic wife until her death. The irony of this remained lost on the king, who failed to see that Katherine, had it been accepted that she was Dereham’s wife, had never been legally married to him and so could not have committed adultery - indeed, if anything, she had committed adultery against Dereham.

In Anne Boleyn’s case, Henry did annul their marriage. Although Cranmer did not give the specific grounds, it was suggested by Chapuys that one ground was Henry’s prior relationship with Anne’s sister, Mary. Since ‘both parties knew of this, the good faith of the parents cannot make’ Elizabeth legitimate. This may indeed have been one factor. A stronger one was Anne’s presumed precontract with Henry Percy. This was acknowledged as having been valid by the archbishop’s ecclesiastical court at Lambeth at the same time as the king’s divorce from Anne was approved. The contract with Percy, therefore, was deemed to have been lawful despite the earl’s emphatic denials that it had ever existed.

Anne, however, did die a queen. Her status had been conferred on her by an act of parliament, and it would require another such act to remove it. There is no record of any such proceeding.

Ironically, because Katherine remained Henry’s wife, the charge of adultery, insecure as it was, held. In Anne’s case, the annulment made a mockery of the charge of adultery against her, since the acceptance of her prior contract with Henry Percy implied that she had never been lawfully married to Henry.

Other victims

Because they had each been charged with sex crimes, neither Katherine nor Anne went to the grave alone. Five men died with Anne Boleyn: her brother, George, Viscount Rochford, 


Henry Norris, Francis Weston, William Brereton and Mark Smeaton were all executed by beheading. In Katherine’s case, there were only two male victims, Thomas Culpeper and Francis Dereham. However, one woman would die with Katherine, her chief lady of the privy chamber, Jane Lady Rochford. In a cruel twist of fate, Lady Rochford was the widow of George Boleyn.

Innocence

Although both Anne Boleyn and Katherine Howard accepted 


the charges laid against them and refused to speak against their fate, they did find a means by which they could declare their innocence. With Anne, this was before and after taking the sacrament just prior to her execution. Katherine spoke to a priest on the day she was carried to the Tower, where she expected to die. She had been visited at Syon by a delegation led by the duke of Suffolk, which had been appointed to calm her fears, and to hear what she might have to say ‘to make her cause better.’ Among the men was almost certainly Dr White, and it was to him that she made her final confession.

It was by the holy sacrament, therefore, that each queen professed her innocence on the peril of her soul. Both went on to make a good death, going to the scaffold shriven of guilt in the eyes of God, if not the law. Neither queen used the scaffold as a final platform upon which to utter furtive messages protesting their innocence. Instead, the scaffold speeches of both Katherine and Anne followed the standard formula, no doubt to the great satisfaction of the king.

Katherine Howard as Henry's Wife

To celebrate the publication of my new biography of Queen Katherine Howard, I have written this short piece about her marriage to Henry. I hope you like it!

Divorced, beheaded, died
Divorced, beheaded, survived

So the rhyme goes. Henry VIII is famous for having had six wives, but were all his marriages legal? Was he really married to six women? While sixteenth-century marriage laws appear to be clear cut, there are many grey areas that, even today, leaving those who would negotiate them with severe headaches. This is no less so in the case of Henry’s fifth wife and queen, Katherine Howard.

The question of whether or not Katherine Howard was really Henry’s wife centres on her previous relationship with Francis Dereham and how it is interpreted. Dereham began exploiting his position of authority shortly after he took up his post in the household of the Dowager Duchess of Norfolk. He used Katherine for sex, and this incited the jealousy of another man who had previously tried to seduce her under similar circumstances, Henry Mannock.

Lynne Frederick

Formerly a music teacher to Katherine, Mannock took it upon himself to make trouble for Dereham by writing a letter to the duchess warning her to visit the maidens’ chamber during the night, where she would see something that would ‘displease’ her. When Dereham found out about the letter, he knew he had an enemy. In order to diffuse the threat, he asked Katherine if they could call each other husband and wife, and she agreed.

The fact that Katherine and Dereham addressed each other in this way, that they did so in 
front of witnesses and at a time when their relationship was clearly sexual, meant that they had entered into a contract of marriage. They technically were married in the eyes of ecclesiastical law. This was a binding contract, one that could not be dissolved because it had been consummated. As a result of this, Katherine was not free to marry Henry. When she went through with the royal wedding and became Henry’s wife and queen, she actually committed bigamy.

Tamzin Merchant

Later, when the news of her former relationships came out and her precontract with Dereham was discovered, her marriage to Henry could have been annulled, in which case Katherine would have been sent away from court in disgrace. However, the matter became more complicated when Katherine stated that what Dereham had done to her had been coerced; that he had, in fact, raped her. This was why she did not mention the precontract before her marriage to Henry, and why she denied it afterwards. As far as she was concerned, Dereham’s coercion made their contract illegal - and this was a valid argument which could have been accepted had anyone had the will to do so.

Michelle Abrahams

At this point, it is easy to disbelieve Katherine and attribute her denial of her contract with Dereham and her assertions of rape either to ignorance or scheming. However, Katherine’s extreme youth as well as Dereham’s maturity must be taken into account. She was about thirteen at the time of her relationship with Dereham while, far from being the young man he is usually depicted, he was at least seventeen years older than Katherine. He was a fully grown man, technically old enough to be her father, and he knew exactly what he was doing. His position of authority over Katherine and his station in the duchess's household meant that she would have to be in his presence for much of the time. Add to this the fact that, as an older person and a male, society itself placed him in a superior position over her; it can easily be seen how difficult it would have been for Katherine to refuse him, or even to get away from him.

As Archbishop Cranmer questioned Katherine and listened to her side of the story, and he 
was the only person ever really to do so, he struggled to decide the best way to proceed with her case; but he was torn between navigating the convoluted ecclesiastical laws and telling Henry what he thought he wanted to hear.

Emily Blunt

The situation was further complicated when it emerged that Katherine had given Dereham a place in her royal household. This came to be interpreted as a sign that they had rekindled their former relationship. Dereham was arrested and subject to hard questioning - torture - to make him admit just that and, in a last desperate attempt to prove his innocence, he cried out that he could not have revived his relationship with Katherine because he had been replaced in her affections by Thomas Culpeper.

Culpeper, a Gentleman of the Privy Chamber and one of Henry’s favourites, was duly arrested and questioned. He admitted to having been in a relationship with Katherine before her marriage; and here he spoke the truth, they had courted, but they had not consummated their relationship. He insisted that, although they had resumed their friendship during the royal progress, with him visiting her late at night in clandestine places, he and Katherine had never gone beyond words. He did say, however, that he and Katherine would have gone on to have sex, that he ‘intended and meant to do ill with the queen and that in like wise, the queen so minded to do with him.’ These words, although Katherine was never given the chance to confirm or deny them, condemned her and Culpeper, as well as her chief lady of the bedchamber, Jane, Lady Rochford, who had helped to arrange their late-night meetings.

Angela Pleasance
When news of his wife’s previous relationships broke, Henry did not believe it but, since the slander had been made, it had to be investigated, and he ordered selected council members to look into the matter. When it came out that Katherine had never really been his, he was distraught, raging and threatening to kill her with his own sword. He then sent Katherine away, never to see her again.

Henry made no attempt to discover the facts surrounding his marriage; had he done so, he would have found that Katherine could never have been accused of presumptive treason, still less that she deserved to be executed. That he ignored this and went ahead with prosecuting her woman he had once loved so much, shows a desire for vengeance, not only against those who had violated Katherine, thereby ‘spoiling’ her for him, but also against Katherine herself.